Comparison of epidemic characteristics and clinical manifestation of chickenpox between adults and children in Shandong Province from 2019 to 2021 / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective: To analyze the differences between adults and children in the epidemic characteristics and clinical manifestations of chickenpox and provide a reference for the prevention strategy adjustment of chickenpox. Methods: The incidence data of chickenpox surveillance in Shandong Province from January 2019 to December 2021 were collected. Descriptive epidemiological methods were used to analyze the distribution of cases, and the chi-square test was used to compare the differences in epidemiological characteristics and clinical manifestations of varicella cases between adults and children. Results: A total of 66 182 cases of chickenpox were reported from 2019 to 2021, including 24 085 cases of adults chickenpox, the male to female sex ratio was 1∶1 (12 032∶12 053), basically the same for men and women, and 42 097 cases of children chickenpox, with a gender ratio of 1.4∶1, the male to female ratio was 1.4∶1 (24 699∶17 398). Fever in chickenpox cases was mainly low and moderate, but the proportion of moderate fever with temperature between 38.1 and 39.0 ℃ in children cases (35.0%,14 744/42 097) was significantly higher than that in adults (32.0%,7 696/24 085). The number of herpes in chickenpox cases was mainly less than 50, but the proportion of severe cases with 100-200 herpes in children was higher than that in adults. The incidence rate of complications was 1.4% (333/24 085) in adults chickenpox, the incidence rate of complications was 1.7% (731/42 097) in children chickenpox. The incidence of encephalitis and pneumonia in children was higher than in adults, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). The proportion of chickenpox cases was mainly outpatient, but the hospitalization rate of children cases was 14.4% (6 049/42 097), higher than that of adults, which was 10.7% (2 585/24 085). Conclusions: There were differences between adult chickenpox and child chickenpox in terms of epidemic and clinical manifestations; the symptoms of child chickenpox were more serious than adult chickenpox. However, the adult chickenpox population is generally susceptible and lacks immune strategy protection, which calls for more attention.

Changes in Notified Incidence of Pulmonary Tuberculosis in China, 2005-2020 / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

OBJECTIVE@#To evaluate the trend of notified incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) in China at different periods by population and region and to explore the effect of TB prevention and control in recent years.@*METHODS@#Using pooled data on TB cases reported by the TB Information Management Reporting System (TBIMS) from 2005 to 2020, we calculated the annual percentage change (APC) using the Joinpoint regression model.@*RESULTS@#From 2005 to 2020, a total of 16.2 million cases of PTB were reported in China, with an average notified incidence of 75.5 per 100,000 population. The age standardization rate (ASR) continued to decline from 116.9 (/100,000) in 2005 to 47.6 (/100,000) in 2020, with an average annual decrease of 5.6% [APC = -5.6, 95% confidence interval ( CI): -7.0 to -4.2]. The smallest decline occurred in 2011-2018 (APC = -3.4, 95% CI: -4.6 to -2.3) and the largest decrease in 2018-2020 (APC = -9.2, 95% CI: -16.4 to -1.3). From 2005 to 2020, the ASR in males (159.8 per 100,000 in 2005, 72.0 per 100,000 in 2020) was higher than that in females (62.2 per 100,000 in 2005, 32.3 per 100,000 in 2020), with an average annual decline of 6.0% for male and 4.9% for female. The average notified incidence was the highest among older adults (65 years and over) (182.3/100,000), with an average annual decline of 6.4%; children (0-14 years) were the lowest (4.8/100,000), with an average annual decline of 7.3%, but a significant increase of 3.3% between 2014 and 2020 (APC = 3.3, 95% CI: 1.4 to 5.2); middle-aged (35-64 years) decreased by 5.8%; and youth (15-34 years) decreased by an average annual rate of 4.2%. The average ASR in rural areas (81.3/100,000) is higher than that in urban areas (76.1/100,000). The average annual decline in rural areas was 4.5% and 6.3% in urban areas. South China had the highest average ASR (103.2/100,000), with an average annual decline of 5.9%, while North China had the lowest (56.5/100,000), with an average annual decline of 5.9%. The average ASR in the southwest was 95.3 (/100,000), with the smallest annual decline (APC = -4.5, 95% CI: -5.5 to -3.5); the average ASR in the Northwest China was 100.1 (/100,000), with the largest annual decline (APC = -6.4, 95% CI: -10.0 to -2.7); Central, Northeastern, and Eastern China declined by an average of 5.2%, 6.2%, and 6.1% per year, respectively.@*CONCLUSIONS@#From 2005 to 2020, the notified incidence of PTB in China continued to decline, falling by 55%. For high-risk groups such as males, older adults, high-burden areas in South, Southwest, and Northwest China, and rural regions, proactive screening should be strengthened to provide timely and effective anti-TB treatment and patient management services for confirmed cases. There is also a necessity to be vigilant about the upward trend of children in recent years, the specific reasons for which need to be further studied.

Residents' sense of acquisition and influencing factors in China's Sanitary City Initiative / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective: To analyze the residents' sense of acquisition (recognition, perceptibility and satisfaction) and influencing factors in China's Sanitary City Initiative. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted from December 2020 to February 2021. The data about the residents' sense of acquisition were collected by using questionnaire from 2 465 residents who were aged ≥18 years and had lived in local communities for at least one year in 31, 14 and 16 cities with national sanitary city title in eastern, central and western China the influencing factors of residents' sense of acquisition in China's Sanitary City Initiative were analyzed by using multivariate multilevel model. Results: The total score of residents' sense of acquisition in China's Sanitary City Initiative was 231.15±32.45. After converting the scores according to the 100-score standardized method, the results showed that the recognition score, perception score and the satisfaction score were 85.02, 59.08 and 61.42, respectively. The results of influencing factors analysis showed that education level, gender, marital status, age, prevalence of physical exercise and self-assessment of health status were correlated with the scores of residents' recognition (β:1.24-2.54,all P<0.05); the concentration of inhalable fine particles , the green coverage of built-up area, the level of GDP per capita and the type of residential community, prevalence of physical exercise and self-assessment of health status were correlated with the score of residents' perception (β:1.76-8.86,all P<0.05); the concentration of inhalable fine particles , the green coverage of built-up area, the level of GDP per capita and the type of residential community, education level, prevalence of physical exercise and self-assessment of health status were correlated with the score of residents' satisfaction (β:1.34-6.26,all P<0.05). Conclusions: The total score of residents' sense of acquisition in China's Sanitary City Initiative was relatively high, indicating that the policy has been widely recognized. The detailed management of policy implementation should be strengthened in the future, and more attention needs to be paid to actual needs of the residents to further improve the residents' sense of acquisition in China's Sanitary City Initiative.

Joint Association of Metabolic Health and Obesity with Ten-Year Risk of Cardiovascular Disease among Chinese Adults / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

OBJECTIVE@#This study aims to investigate the association of metabolic phenotypes that are jointly determined by body mass index (BMI) or fat mass percentage and metabolic health status with the ten-year risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) among Chinese adults.@*METHODS@#Data were obtained from a cross-sectional study. BMI and body fat mass percentage (FMP) combined with the metabolic status were used to define metabolic phenotypes. Multiple linear regression and logistic regression were used to examine the effects of metabolic phenotypes on CVD risk.@*RESULTS@#A total of 13,239 adults aged 34-75 years were included in this study. Compared with the metabolically healthy non-obese (MHNO) phenotype, the metabolically unhealthy non-obese (MUNO) and metabolically unhealthy obese (MUO) phenotypes defined by BMI showed a higher CVD risk [odds ratio, OR (95% confidence interval, CI): 2.34 (1.89-2.89), 3.45 (2.50-4.75), respectively], after adjusting for the covariates. The MUNO and MUO phenotypes defined by FMP showed a higher CVD risk [ OR (95% CI): 2.31 (1.85-2.88), 2.63 (1.98-3.48), respectively] than the MHNO phenotype. The metabolically healthy obese phenotype, regardless of being defined by BMI or FMP, showed no CVD risk compared with the MHNO phenotype.@*CONCLUSION@#General obesity without central obesity does not increase CVD risk in metabolically healthy individuals. FMP might be a more meaningful factor for the evaluation of the association of obesity with CVD risk. Obesity and metabolic status have a synergistic effect on CVD risk.

Developing a Subjective Evaluation Scale for Assessing the Built Environments of China's Hygienic City Initiative / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

Objective@#To develop a preliminary subjective evaluation scale for assessing the built environments of China's Hygienic City Initiative and to evaluate its reliability and validity.@*Methods@#The initial items of the scale were determined based on a review of policy documents and consultations with experts. The final items of the scale were confirmed through individual interviews with residents combined with the discretetrend method, critical ratio method, correlation coefficient method, and factor analysis method. Then, the dimensions of the scale were determined using exploratory factor analysis (EFA). The Cronbach's @*Results@#A scale containing five dimensions with 22 items was established, including urban lifestyle, governance, basic functions, environmental sanitation, and amenities. The Cronbach's @*Conclusion@#The preliminarily subjective evaluation scale for assessing the built environments of China's Hygienic City Initiative demonstrates a high level of reliability and validity. Additional empirical studies should be carried out to further verify the value of the scale in terms of practical application.

Increases in Height among Chinese Children and Adolescents by Gender: An Age-Period-Cohort Analysis / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

Objective@#To examine increases in average height among Chinese children and adolescents.@*Methods@#The data were obtained from the China Health and Nutrition Survey conducted during the period 1989-2015. A stratified multistage cluster sampling method was utilized to select participants aged 2-22 years in each province. Linear regression was used to examine the effects of age, birth cohort, and survey period on height.@*Results@#A total of 15,227 males and 13,737 females were included in the final analysis. Age (A) showed a continuous effect on height. The average heights of the investigated groups increased continuously during the investigation period. By 2015, the average height of the overall group increased by 7.87 cm compared to the average height during the 1989 survey. Moreover, birth year (cohort, C) also had a stable effect on height. Using the height of individuals born in or before 1975 as a reference, the average height of each birth cohort increased in comparison to the previous birth cohort.@*Conclusions@#The height of Chinese children and adolescents was affected by age, period, and cohort effects, and this effect is governed by certain rules. The age-period-cohort model can be used to analyze the trends of children's and adolescent's heights. The findings provide a scientific basis for the formulation of children's and adolescents' growth and development policies in China.

Association between Selenium in Soil and Diabetes in Chinese Residents Aged 35-74 Years: Results from the 2010 National Survey of Chronic Diseases and Behavioral Risk Factors Surveillance / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

Objective@#To explore the association between soil selenium levels and the risk of diabetes in Chinese adults aged 35-74 years.@*Methods@#Data for this study were derived from the China Chronic Diseases and Behavioral Risk Factors Surveillance 2010 survey. Selenium concentrations in soil were obtained from the Atlas of Soil Environmental Background Values in China. A two-level binary logistic regression model was used to determine the association between soil selenium concentrations and the risk of diabetes, with participants nested within districts/counties.@*Results@#A total of 69,332 participants aged 35-74 years, from 158 districts/counties were included in the analysis. Concentrations of selenium in soil varied greatly across the 158 districts/counties, with a median concentration of 0.219 mg/kg ( : 0.185-0.248). The results showed that both Quartile 1 (0.119-0.185 mg/kg) and Quartile 4 (0.249-0.344 mg/kg) groups were positively associated with diabetes compared to a soil selenium concentration of 0.186-0.219 mg/kg (Quartile 2), crude odds ratios ( s) (95% ) were 1.227 (1.003-1.502) and 1.280 (1.048-1.563). The values were 0.045 and 0.013, for Quartile 1 and Quartile 4 groups, respectively. After adjusting for all confounding factors of interest, the Quartile 1 group became non-significant, and the Quartile 4 group had an adjusted (95% ) of 1.203 (1.018-1.421) relative to the reference group (Quartile 2), the values was 0.030. No significant results were seen for the Quartile 3 group (0.220-0.248 mg/kg) compared to the reference group.@*Conclusion@#Excessive selenium concentrations in soil could increase the risk of diabetes among Chinese adults aged 35-74 years.

Cognition status and intervene needs for prevention of work-related musculoskeletal disorders among greenhouse farmers / 中国职业医学

OBJECTIVE: To explore the cognition status and intervene needs for prevention of work-related musculoskeletal disorders( WMSD) among greenhouse farmers. METHODS: By purpose sampling method,1 780 participants were surveyed by the Cognition Status and Intervene Needs for Prevention of WMSD Questionnaires. By convenience sampling and judgement sampling method,14 respondents were interviewed. RESULTS: 66. 0 %( 1 174 /1 780) of subjects surveyed thought that WMSD was one of the most serious occupational hazard. Only 20. 3 %( 362 /1 780) of subjects well understood the knowledge of preventing WMSD. 54. 7 %( 974 /1 780) of subjects considered that they will protect themselves according to requirement. A total of 96. 7 %( 1 721 /1 780) respondents were willing to attend training classes.With the improvement of culture level,the awareness rate of WMSD severity was decreased( P < 0. 01),the awareness rate of WMSD prevention knowledge was increased( P < 0. 05) and the more was willing to attend training( P < 0. 05).The awareness rate of WMSD severity in plant length of service ≥ 20. 0 years was higher than that of plant length of service < 20. 0 years( 68. 9 % vs 61. 5 %,P < 0. 05). The awareness rate of WMSD severity in WMSD patients was higher than that of non-WMSD person( 67. 2 % vs 61. 6 %,P < 0. 05). The most needs for the greenhouse farmers was health education intervention methods,power tools and protection of improvement and development. CONCLUSION: The knowledge of preventing musculoskeletal disorders is deficient among greenhouse farmers. Health education suitable for farmers 'lifestyle should be launched in greenhouse and it is essential to devise protective equipment.

Clinical and radiographic predictors in diagnosing sputum smear-negative pulmonary tuberculosis in HIV-negative patients: a cross-sectional study in China / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>In county-level tuberculosis (TB) dispensaries in China, the accurate diagnosis of sputum smear-negative pulmonary tuberculosis (SNPT) needs to be improved by developing and validating clinical and radiographic predictors.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The study was conducted simultaneously in three counties per province in Chongqing Municipality and Liaoning Province in China between May 2005 and May 2006. A total of 432 new SNPT patients who are HIV-negative and more than 15 years old diagnosed by expert panels in county-level TB dispensaries were recruited. Their sputum samples were collected for culture before anti-TB treatment, and the treatment outcomes (changes of X-rays) were followed up at the end of the 6th month.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Of the 432 SNPT patients, sputum culture positive (9.7%) or culture negative with good changes of X-rays at the end of the 6th month (73.6%) was validated as SNPT. Four predictive variables were associated with validated SNPT in the multivariate logistic regression model: age ≤55 years old (odds ratio (OR) 5.66; 95% CI 2.69-11.91), >60 days of cough (OR 3.73; 95% CI 1.10-12.65), ≥10% of pulmonary consolidation in the lungs (OR 5.40; 95% CI 2.90-10.06), and pulmonary consolidation in the upper lobe anterior segment (OR 3.00; 95% CI 1.57-5.72). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of the model was 0.77 (95% CI 0.71-0.83).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Four predictors of clinical and radiological characteristics that had a good diagnostic performance of SNPT deserve to be recommended as index indicators of SNPT diagnosis in county-level TB dispensaries in China.</p>

A case-control study on the risk factors of work-related acute pesticide poisoning among farmersfrom Jiangsu province / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To explore the risk factors on cases regarding work-related acute pesticide poisoning among farmers of Jiangsu province.Methods A population-based,1 ∶ 2 matched case-control study was carried out,with 121 patients as case-group paired by 242 persons with same gender,district and age less then difference of 3 years,as controls.Cases were the ones who had suffered from work-related acute pesticide poisoning.A unified questionnaire was used.Data base was established by EpiData 3.1,and SPSS 16.0 was used for both data single factor and multi-conditional logistics regression analysis.Results Results from the single factor logistic regression analysis showed that the related risk factors were:lack of safety guidance,lack of readable labels befores praying pesticides,no regression during application,using hand to wipe sweat,using leaking knapsack,body contaminated during application and continuing to work when feeling ill after the contact of pesticides.Results from multi-conditional logistic regression analysis indicated that the lack of safety guidance (OR=2.25,95％ CI:1.35-3.74),no readable labels befores praying pesticides (OR=1.95,95％ CI:1.19-3.18),wiping the sweat by hand during application (OR=1.97,95％CI:1.20-3.24)and using leaking knapsack during application (OR=1.82,95％ CI:1.10-3.01) were risk factors for the occurrence of work-related acute pesticide poisoning.Conclusion The lack of safety guidance,no readable labels befores praying pesticides,wiping the sweat by hand or using leaking knapsack during application were correlated to the occurrence of work-related acute pesticide poisoning.

Association between CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells and serum transforming growth factor beta 1 in patients with chronic hepatitis B / 中华肝脏病杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate whether the CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells are associated with serum TGF beta 1 in patients with hepatitis B.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB), chronic asymptomatic carriers (AsC), normal subjects (NS) and the resolved from HBV infection (Resolved) were recruited in this study. Flow cytometric analysis was used to detect the frequency and phenotype of peripheral CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ T cells, and Foxp3 gene expression were examined by real time PCR. Serum TGF beta 1 levels were measured by ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay).</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Patients with CHB or AsC exhibited significantly higher frequency of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ T cells compared to healthy controls. CD4+CD25+ T cells derived from patients with CHB and AsC expressed higher level of Foxp3-mRNA. Furthermore, the frequency of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells was correlated with serum HBV DNA copy numbers in patients with CHB and AsC. Our results indicated that the serum TGF beta was increased in CHB and AsC patients compared to control patients, and that serum TGF beta was correlated with the expression of Foxp3-mRNA and the frequency of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells in patients with CHB and AsC.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The findings have important implication in the understanding of the role and mechanism of aberrant CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells in the maintenance of chronicity in hepatitis B patients.</p>

Clinical study on YMDD mutation and pre-core C region and core promotor region mutation of the patients with chronic hepatitis B virus receiving lamivudine therapy / 中国基层医药

Objective To mvesugate the Tate of YMDD mutation accompamed with pre-core(region and core promotor region mutation and the clinical significance.Methods YMDD mutation and pre-core(at 1896 nu- cleotide)region and core promotor region(at 1762.1764 nucleotide)mutation were detected from the 122 patients with chronic hepatitis B virus after receiving lamivudine treatment above 6 months.Results 40 cases were tested for YMDI)mutations in 122 HBV patients with lamivudine treatment,and the positive rate of YMDD mutation was 32.8 %.After YMDD mutation,ALT,AST and HBV DNA of the patients significantly increased(P0.05).Conclusion The patients with YMDD mutation had higher rate of pre-core region(at 1896 nucleotide)and basal core promotor region(at 1762, 1764 nucleotide)mutation than those without YMDD mutation,but there was no correlation between the mutation and the deterioration of disease condition and the bad prognosis.

Relationship between tuberculosis prevalence and socio-economic factors in China / 中华流行病学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>In order to figure out how and to what degree the social and economic development and control strategy influencing the epidemics of tuberculosis and to provide reference for tuberculosis prevention and control in China.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Based on the data from the nationwide random surveys on tuberculosis in 1979, 1984/1985, 1990 and 2000 and the indexes on social and economic development of China, correlation coefficient was used to analyze the relationship of three factors including (1) the change of epidemic situation of tuberculosis from 1979 to 2000; (2) the level of social and economic development; (3) the implementation of Health V Project.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The prevalence rate of smear positive tuberculosis was significantly correlated to per capita net income of rural population, consumption level of city population, per capita GDP, density of population, and proportion of rural population. Among which the correlation with per capita net in come of rural population, consumption level of city population, per capita GDP, or density of population showed negative, correlation but the proportion of rural population showed positive. The range of GDP increase was similar in both areas with or without the implementation of Health V Project from 1990 to 2000 (77.2% and 77.8%). However, the ranges of the decline of prevalence rate were quite different (44.4% and 12.3%) in the two areas. In the western part of China, the range of GDP increase was similar in the areas with or without the implementation of Health V Project. However, the prevalence rate declined in the area that implementing the project but increased in other areas without the project.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The level of social and economic development had influenced the prevalence rate of tuberculosis, but the implementation of tuberculosis control project played an important role in the reduction of tuberculosis prevalence rate from 1979 to 2000 in China.</p>

Analysis on the relationship between tuberculosis case detection and short-course coverage of directly observed treatment in China / 中华流行病学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To analyze factors influencing tuberculosis (TB) case detection so as to predict the trend of case detection in the year of 2005.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Data was collected and analyzed regarding the correlation between the registration rate of newly identified smear-positive TB case and the directly observed treatment short-course (DOTS) coverage from 1996 to 2003. Based on the correlation analysis, regression equation was built to predict the case registration rate in 2005.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Both case registration rate and case detection rate showed an increasing trend from 1996 to 1998 and kept a platform between 1999 and 2002, followed by a zooming change in 2003 to reach a 45% case detection rate while the smear-positive TB case registration rate and DOTS coverage showed highly correlative (r = 0.849, P = 0.008). The regression equation was: y = b(0) + b(1) X = 1.754 + 0.217X (95% CI of beta: 0.082 - 0.352), F = 15.43, P = 0.008; R(2) = 0.72. If the DOTS coverage rate reaches 100% in 2005, the national new smear-positive registration rate will have become 23.5/100 000 (95% CI: 10.0 - 37.0) and the national new smear-positive case detection rate will have reached 51.8% (95% CI: 22.0 - 81.5).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Our research finding revealed that not only the expansion of DOTS could promote the rate of TB case detection but the quality of DOTS also played an important role in the TB control program. In order to reach the target of 70% case detection rate in 2005, programs as accelerating the DOTS expansion to increase the DOTS coverage and improving the quality of DOTS as well as other control measures need to be strengthened.</p>

Systematic assessment on the improvement of tuberculosis case detection through general hospital-based tuberculosis patients transferring system in China / 中华流行病学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To evaluate the reporting and transferring system for tuberculosis (TB) patients carried out by city General Hospitals & township clinics in the last 10 years in China.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Systematic review and Meta-analysis were carried out.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>After 5 years of follow-up on the outcomes of intervention, it was found that both the rates of newly registered smear positivity and the new case registration on smear positivity had significantly been increasing during the last five years and the scale of increase was growing annually during the first three years. However, the scale of increase started to decline on the fourth year. The combined RR on the failure of transfer rate was 0.36 (95% CI: 0.25 - 0.53).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The integrated outcomes showed that the ongoing reporting and transferring system in general hospital was benefit for TB case detection.</p>

Meta-analysis of the risk factors on lung cancer in Chinese people / 中华流行病学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To provide evidence for decision-making on lung cancer prevention through studying the main risk factors related to the incidence of lung cancer in Chinese people.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The results from 41 epidemiological studies on risk factors of lung cancer from 1990 to 2001 were analyzed synthetically by Meta-analysis. The cumulative cases and controls were 5,600 and 6,892, respectively.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The pools odds ratio (OR) values of mentality (3.34), smoking (3.04), indoor coal pollution (3.20), indoor cooking oil fume pollution (2.72), family history of lung cancer (2.61), vegetables (0.49), fruits (0.69), BMI (1.57), family history of other tumour (2.97), personal history of respiratory system diseases (2.66), ventilation in kitchen (2.13), coal ever used in life (1.50), and exposure to environmental tobacco smoking (1.42).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The main factors influencing the incidence of lung cancer in Chinese people were patients, mentality, smoking, indoor environmental pollution, personal history of respiratory system diseases, family history of cancer, intake of vegetables, fruits and so on.</p>

Evaluation of the effect of interventions for the female drug abusers / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate an effective method to facilitate the physical and mental recovery of drug abusers in detoxification restoration period.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Integrated interventions were adopted to observe the changes in the physical and mental conditions of female drug abusers who had withdrawn drugs.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Comparing behavioral changes between the two groups before and after intervention, we found that changes of score in the intervention group were all higher than those in the control group in terms of their physical symptoms or state of anxiety.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>It is necessary to help drug abusers understand the harm of drug-abuse, build up self-confidence and improve EQ through interventions. It will be beneficial for the drug addicts to refrain from drug-taking and regain a normal life. Our study has proved that positive results can only be obtained from integrated intervention projects.</p>